Nr 4, 2022: Huden

James Nestor: ”Så påverkar andningen din hälsa”

Atopiskt eksem och näringsmedicin: En klinisk överblick

[1] Lee JH, Son SW, Cho SH. A Comprehensive Review of the Treatment of Atopic Eczema. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2016 May;8(3):181-90.

[2] Megna M, Napolitano M, Patruno C, et al. Systemic Treatment of Adult Atopic Dermatitis: A Review. Dermatol Ther  (Heidelb). 2016 Dec 26. doi: 10.1007/s13555-016-0170-1. [Epub ahead of print]

[3] Auriemma M, Vianale G, Amerio P, Reale M. Cytokines and T cells in atopic dermatitis. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2013 Mar;24(1):37-44.

[4] Furue M, Chiba T, Tsuji G, et al.Atopic dermatitis: immune deviation, barrier dysfunction, IgE autoreactivity and  new therapies. Allergol Int. 2017 Jan 2. pii: S1323-8930(16)30171-X.

[5] Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2008;358(14):1483–94

[6] Eyerich K, Huss-Marp J, Darsow U,et al. Pollen grains induce a rapid and biphasic eczematous immune response in atopic eczema patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;145(3):213-23.

[7] Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Feb;125(2  Suppl 2):S116-25.

[8] Chu H, Shin JU, Park CO, et al. Clinical Diversity of Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of 5,000 Patients at a Single Institute. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 Mar;9(2):158-168.

[9] Thomsen SF. Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases. Eur Clin Respir J. 2015 Mar 24;2.

[10] Werfel T, Allam JP, Biedermann T, et al. Cellular and molecular immunologic mechanisms in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Aug;138(2):336-49.

[11] Song H, Yoo Y, Hwang J, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Mar;137(3):852-60

[12] Jyonouchi S, Brown-Whitehorn TA, Spergel JM. Association of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders with other atopic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2009 Feb;29(1):85-97

[13] Kim M, Choi KH, Hwang SW, Lee YB, Park HJ, Bae JM. Inflammatory bowel disease  is associated with an increased risk of inflammatory skin diseases: A population-based cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Jan;76(1):40-48.

[14]Orivuori L, Mustonen K, de Goffau MC, et al. High level of fecal calprotectin at age 2 months as a marker of intestinal inflammation predicts atopic dermatitis and asthma by age 6. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015 May;45(5):928-39.

[15] Arisawa T, Arisawa S, Yokoi T, Kuroda M, Hirata I, Nakano H. Endoscopic and histological features of the large intestine in patients with atopic dermatitis.  J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007 Jan;40(1):24-30.

[16] Niwa Y, Sumi H, Akamatsu H. An association between ulcerative colitis and atopic dermatitis, diseases of impaired superficial barriers. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:999-1000

[17] Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, Ockhuizen T, Schulzke JD, Serino M, Tilg H, Watson A, Wells JM. Intestinal permeability–a new target for disease prevention  and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 18;14:189.

[18] Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Valerius NH, Paerregaard A, Michaelsen KF. Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr. 2004 Nov;145(5):612-6.

[19] Iemoli E, Trabattoni D, Parisotto S, et al. Probiotics reduce gut microbial translocation and improve adult atopic dermatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;46 Suppl:S33-40.

[20] Kim JE, Kim JS, Cho DH, Park HJ. Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous

Inflammatory Disorder: Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Jul 30;17(8).

[21] LeBovidge JS, Elverson W, Timmons KG, et al. Multidisciplinary interventions in the management of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Aug;138(2):325-34.

[22] Auriemma M, Vianale G, Amerio P, Reale M. Cytokines and T cells in atopic dermatitis. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2013 Mar;24(1):37-44.

[23] Lucas RM, Gorman S, Geldenhuys S, et al. Vitamin D and immunity. F1000Prime Rep. 2014 Dec 1;6:118.

[24] van der Meulen TA, Harmsen H, Bootsma H, et al. The microbiome-systemic diseases connection. Oral Dis. 2016 Nov;22(8):719-734.

[25] Calder PC. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Apr;1851(4):469-84.

[26] Roesner LM, Werfel T, Heratizadeh A. The adaptive immune system in atopic dermatitis and implications on therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016 Jul;12(7):787-96.

[27]Ji H, Li XK. Oxidative Stress in Atopic Dermatitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:2721469.

[28] Sivaranjani N, Rao SV, Rajeev G. Role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Dec;7(12):2683-5.

[29] Song S, Paek D, Park C, Lee C, Lee JH, Yu SD. Exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and urinary 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine in children with and without eczema. Sci Total Environ. 2013 Aug 1;458-460:408-13.

[30] Okayama Y. Oxidative stress in allergic and inflammatory skin diseases. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005 Aug;4(4):517-9.

[31] Chang YS, Chiang BL. Mechanism of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and the Role of the Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Mar 29;17(4):462.

[32] Toyran M, Kaymak M, Vezir E, et al.  Trace element levels in children with atopic dermatitis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22(5):341-4.

[33] Chung J, Kwon SO, Ahn H,et al. Association between DietaryPatterns and Atopic Dermatitis in Relation to GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms in Young Children. Nutrients. 2015 Nov 13;7(11):9440-52.

[34] Bengtsson A, Lundberg M, Avila-Cariño J, et al. Thiols decrease cytokine levels and down-regulate the expression of CD30 on human allergen-specific T helper (Th) 0 and Th2 cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001 Mar;123(3):350-60.

[35] Ahn K. The role of air pollutants in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Nov;134(5):993-9; discussion 1000.

[36] Kantor R, Kim A, Thyssen JP, Silverberg JI. Association of atopic dermatitis with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Dec;75(6):1119-1125.

[37] Kim EH, Kim S, Lee JH, Kim J, Han Y, Kim YM, Kim GB, Jung K, Cheong HK, Ahn K. Indoor air pollution aggravates symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 17;10(3):e0119501.

[38] Chang YS, Chou YT, Lee JH, et al. Atopic dermatitis, melatonin, and sleep disturbance. Pediatrics. 2014 Aug;134(2):e397-405.

[39] Chang YS, Chiang BL. Mechanism of Sleep Disturbance in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and the Role of the Circadian Rhythm and Melatonin. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Mar 29;17(4):462.

[40] Chang YS, Lin MH, Lee JH, et al. Melatonin Supplementation for Children

With Atopic Dermatitis and Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Jan;170(1):35-42.

[41] Senra MS, Wollenberg A. Psychodermatological aspects of atopic dermatitis. Br  J Dermatol. 2014 Jul;170 Suppl 1:38-43.

[42] Alexopoulos A, Chrousos GP. Stress-related skin disorders. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016 Sep;17(3):295-304.

[43] Buske-Kirschbaum A, Geiben A, Höllig H, et al. Alteredresponsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary system to stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Sep;87(9):4245-51.

[44] Katta R, Schlichte M. Diet and dermatitis: food triggers. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014 Mar;7(3):30-6.

[45] Breuer K, Heratizadeh A, Wulf A, Baumann U, Constien A, Tetau D, Kapp A,

Werfel T. Late eczematous reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004 May;34(5):817-24.

[46] Bath-Hextall F, Delamere FM, Williams HC. Dietary exclusions for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD005203.

[47] Lever R, MacDonald C, Waugh P, Aitchison T. Randomised controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1998 Feb;9(1):13-9.

[48] Norrman G, Tomicić S, Böttcher MF, Oldaeus G, Strömberg L, Fälth-magnusson K.  Significant improvement of eczema with skin care and food elimination in small children. Acta Paediatr. 2005 Oct;94(10):1384-8.

[49] Rokaite R, Labanauskas L, Balciūnaite S, Vaideliene L. Significance of

dietotherapy on the clinical course of atopic dermatitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009;45(2):95-103.

[50] Hon KL, Poon TC, Pong NH, Wong YH, Leung SS, Chow CM, Leung TF. Specific IgG and IgA of common foods in Chinese children with eczema: friend or foe. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014 Dec;25(6):462-6.

[51] Worm M, Ehlers I, Sterry W, et al. Clinical relevance of food additives in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Mar;30(3):407-14

[52] Lee JM, Jin HJ, Noh G, Lee SS. Effect of processed foods on serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein among children with atopic dermatitis. Nutr Res Pract. 2011 Jun;5(3):224-9.

[53] Zauli D, Grassi A, Granito A, et al. Prevalence of silent coeliac disease in atopics. Dig Liver Dis. 2000 Dec;32(9):775-9.

[54] Ress K, Annus T, Putnik U, et al. Celiac disease in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014 Jul-Aug;31(4):483-8.

[55] Ciacci C, Cavallaro R, Iovino P, et al. Allergy prevalence in adult celiac disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jun;113(6):1199-203.

[56] Kim SH, Lee JH, Ly SY. Children with atopic dermatitis in Daejeon, Korea: individualized nutrition intervention for disease severity and nutritional status. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;25(4):716-728.

[57] Young MC. Elimination Diets in Eczema–A Cautionary Tale. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016 Mar-Apr;4(2):237-8.

[58] Kouda K, Tanaka T, Kouda M, Takeuchi H, Takeuchi A, Nakamura H, Takigawa M. Low-energy diet in atopic dermatitis patients: clinical findings and DNA damage.  J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2000 Sep;19(5):225-8.

[59] Tanaka T, Kouda K, Kotani M, Takeuchi A, Tabei T, Masamoto Y, Nakamura H, Takigawa M, Suemura M, Takeuchi H, Kouda M. Vegetarian diet ameliorates symptoms  of atopic dermatitis through reduction of the number of peripheral eosinophils and of PGE2 synthesis by monocytes. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2001 Nov;20(6):353-61.

[60] Nakamura H, Shimoji K, Kouda K, Tokunaga R, Takeuchi H. An adult with atopic dermatitis and repeated short-term fasting. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2003 Sep;22(5):237-40.

[61] Kim KS, Nam HJ. Detoxification combining fasting with fluid therapy for refractory cases of severe atopic dermatitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:561290.

[62] Betsi GI, Papadavid E, Falagas ME. Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(2):93-103.

[63] Avershina E, Cabrera Rubio R, Lundgård K, Perez Martinez G, Collado MC, Storrø O, Øien T, Dotterud CK, Johnsen R, Rudi K. Effect of probiotics in prevention of  atopic dermatitis is dependent on the intrinsic microbiota at early infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Dec 5. pii: S0091-6749(16)31443-9.

[64] Panduru M, Panduru NM, Sălăvăstru CM, Tiplica GS. Probiotics and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Feb;29(2):232-42.

[65] Foolad N, Brezinski EA, Chase EP, Armstrong AW. Effect of nutrient supplementation on atopic dermatitis in children: a systematic review of probiotics, prebiotics, formula, and fatty acids. JAMA Dermatol. 2013 Mar;149(3):350-5.

[66] Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Isolauri E. Probiotics during the first 7  years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Apr;119(4):1019-21

[67] Wickens K, Black P, Stanley TV, Mitchell E, Barthow C, Fitzharris P, Purdie G, Crane J. A protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 against eczema in the first 2 years of life persists to age 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012Jul;42(7):1071-9.

[68] Kim JY, Kwon JH, Ahn SH, et al. Effect of probiotic mix (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the primary prevention of eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010 Mar;21(2 Pt 2):e386-93.

[69 Dotterud CK, Storrø O, Johnsen R, Oien T. Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Sep;163(3):616-23.

[70] Gerasimov SV, Vasjuta VV, Myhovych OO, Bondarchuk LI. Probiotic supplement reduces atopic dermatitis in preschool children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11(5):351-61.

[71] Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Marquez-Barba MF, Sriram K. Probiotics in dermatologic practice. Nutrition. 2016 Mar;32(3):289-95.

[72] Kim SO, Ah YM, Yu YM, Choi KH, Shin WG, Lee JY. Effects of probiotics for the  treatment of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014 Aug;113(2):217-26.

[73] Betsi GI, Papadavid E, Falagas ME. Probiotics for the treatment or prevention  of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(2):93-103.

[74] Drago L, Iemoli E, Rodighiero V, Nicola L, De Vecchi E, Piconi S. Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius LS01 (DSM 22775) treatment on adult atopic dermatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011 Oct-Dec;24(4):1037-48.

[75] Wang IJ, Wang JY. Children with atopic dermatitis show clinical improvement after Lactobacillus exposure. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015 Apr;45(4):779-87.

[76] Woo SI, Kim JY, Lee YJ, Kim NS, Hahn YS. Effect of Lactobacillus sakei supplementation in children with atopic eczema-dermatitis syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010 Apr;104(4):343-8.

[77] Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Schmitt J, et al. Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections during the first two years of life. J Nutr. 2008;138(6):1091-1095.

[78] Shibata R, Kimura M, Takahashi H, Mikami K, Aiba Y, Takeda H, Koga Y. Clinical effects of kestose, a prebiotic oligosaccharide, on the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Sep;39(9):1397-403.

[79] Morse NL, Clough PM. A meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of Efamol evening primrose oil in atopic eczema. Where do we go from here in light of more recent discoveries? Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2006 Dec;7(6):503-24.

[80] Horrobin DF. Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):367S-72S.

[81] Simon D, Eng PA, Borelli S, Kägi R, Zimmermann C, Zahner C, Drewe J, Hess L, Ferrari G, Lautenschlager S, Wüthrich B, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. Gamma-linolenic acid levels correlate with clinical efficacy of evening primrose oil in patients  with atopic dermatitis. Adv Ther. 2014 Feb;31(2):180-8.

[82] Gaby, AR. Eczema. Nutritional Medicine. 2011.

[83] Mariamenatu AH, Abdu EM. Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus Deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in Modern-Day Diets: The Disturbing Factor for Their ”Balanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions” in the Human Body. J Lipids. 2021 Mar 17;2021:8848161.

[84] Bamford JT, Ray S, Musekiwa A, van Gool C, Humphreys R, Ernst E. Oral evening  primrose oil and borage oil for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD004416.

[85] Senapati S, Banerjee S, Gangopadhyay DN. Evening primrose oil is effective in atopic dermatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 Sep-Oct;74(5):447-52.

[86] Henz BM, Jablonska S, van de Kerkhof PC, et al. Double-blind, multicentre analysis of the efficacy of borage oil in patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Apr;140(4):685-8.

[87] Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T. Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005 Apr;16(2):87-94.

[88] Linnamaa P, Savolainen J, Koulu L, et al. Blackcurrant seed oil for prevention of atopic dermatitis in newborns: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40(8):1247-1255.

[89] Bjørneboe A, Søyland E, Bjørneboe GE, Rajka G, Drevon CA. Effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1987 Oct;117(4):463-9.

[90] Søyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, Sandberg M, Thune P, Rustad L, Helland S,

Middelfart K, Odu S, Falk ES, et al. Dietary supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind, multicenter study. Br J Dermatol. 1994 Jun;130(6):757-64.

[91] Koch C, Dölle S, Metzger M, Rasche C, Jungclas H, Rühl R, Renz H, Worm M. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in atopic eczema: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Apr;158(4):786-92.

[92] Gimenez-Arnau A, Barranco C, Alberola M, et al. Effects of linoleic acid supplements on atopic dermatitis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;433:285–289.

[93] Tsoureli-Nikita E, Hercogova J, Lotti T, Menchini G. Evaluation of dietary intake of vitamin E in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a study of the clinical course and evaluation of the immunoglobulin E serum levels. Int J Dermatol. 2002 Mar;41(3):146-50.

[94] Javanbakht MH, Keshavarz SA, Djalali M, Siassi F, Eshraghian MR, Firooz A, Seirafi H, Ehsani AH, Chamari M, Mirshafiey A. Randomized controlled trial using  vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011 Jun;22(3):144-50.

[95] Jaffary F, Faghihi G, Mokhtarian A, Hosseini SM. Effects of oral vitamin E on  treatment of atopic dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial. J Res Med Sci.2015 Nov;20(11):1053-7.

[96] Kim MJ, Kim SN, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Vitamin D Status and Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2016 Dec 3;8(12).

[97] Kim JE, Yoo SR, Jeong MG, et al. Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014 Sep;94(5):558-62.

[98] Ewing CI, Gibbs AC, Ashcroft C, David TJ. Failure of oral zinc supplementation in atopic eczema. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991 Oct;45(10):507-10.

[99] Sano M, Suzuki M, Miyase T, Yoshino K, Maeda-Yamamoto M. Novel antiallergic catechin derivatives isolated from oolong tea. J Agric Food Chem. 1999 May;47(5):1906-10.

[100] Uehara M, Sugiura H, Sakurai K. A trial of oolong tea in the management of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:42–43

[101] Singer S, Koenekoop J, Meddings J, Powell J, Desroches A, Seidman EG. Pancreatic Enzyme Supplementation in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Paediatr Drugs. 2019 Feb;21(1):41-45. doi: 10.1007/s40272-018-0321-1. PMID: 30556101.

[102] Nguyen TA, Leonard SA, Eichenfield LF. An Update on Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies. J Pediatr. 2015 Sep;167(3):752-6.

[103] Moreno FJ. Gastrointestinal digestion of food allergens: effect on their allergenicity. Biomed Pharmacother. 2007 Jan;61(1):50-60.

[104] Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Evaluation of the gut mucosal barrier: evidence for increased antigen transfer in children with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996 Apr;97(4):985-90.

[105] Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, Valerius NH, Paerregaard A, Michaelsen KF. Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr. 2004 Nov;145(5):612-6

[106] Singer S, Koenekoop J, Meddings J, Powell J, Desroches A, Seidman EG. Pancreatic Enzyme Supplementation in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies: An Open-Label Pilot Study. Paediatr Drugs. 2019 Feb;21(1):41-45. doi: 10.1007/s40272-018-0321-1. PMID: 30556101.

[107] Intahphuak S, Khonsung P, Panthong A. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-7.

108Intahphuak S, Khonsung P, Panthong A. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol. 2010 Feb;48(2):151-7.

109Verallo-Rowell VM, Dillague KM, Syah-Tjundawan BS. Novel antibacterial and emollient effects of coconut and virgin olive oils in adult atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2008 Nov-Dec;19(6):308-15.

110Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L. The effect of topical  virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Int J Dermatol. 2014 Jan;53(1):100-8.

111Yousefi M, Barikbin B, Kamalinejad M, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effect of topical Nigella with Betamethasone and Eucerin in hand eczema. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Dec;27(12):1498-504.

112Amin B, Hosseinzadeh H. Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) and Its Active Constituent, Thymoquinone: An Overview on the Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects. Planta Med. 2016 Jan;82(1-2):8-16.

Huden ‒ en hel hormonfabrik som aktiveras av solsken

  1. Reichrath J. The skin: A powerful hormone factory. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012 Jan 1;4(1):1.

  2. Trummer et al Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Oct; 13(10): 1028. Beneficial Effects of UV-Radiation: Vitamin D and beyond

  3. Carlberg C. Nutrients. 2019 Mar 21;11(3). Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D.

  4. Schiller M, Brzoska T, Böhm M, Metze D, Scholzen TE, Rougier A, Luger TA. Solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation-induced upregulation of the melanocortin-1 receptor, proopiomelanocortin, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human epidermis in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Feb;122(2):468-76.

  5. Felton S, Navid F, Schwarz A, Schwarz T, Gläser R, Rhodes LE. Ultraviolet radiation-induced upregulation of antimicrobial proteins in health and disease. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2013 Jan;12(1):29-36.

  6. Liu D, Fernandez BO, Hamilton A, Lang NN, Gallagher JMC, Newby DE, Feelisch M, Weller RB. UVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase. J Invest Dermatol. 2014 Jul;134(7):1839-1846

  7. Holliman G, Raj K et al. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Production of Nitric Oxide:A Multi-Cell and Multi-Donor Analysis. Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 11;7(1):11105.

  8. Veleva et al. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. Effect of ultraviolet light on mood, depressive disorders and well-being. 2018 Sep;34(5):288-297.

  9. Fell GL, Robinson KC, Mao J, Woolf CJ, Fisher DE. Skin β-endorphin mediates addiction to UV light. Cell. 2014 Jun 19;157(7):1527-34.

  10. Lambert GW, Reid C, Kaye DM, Jennings GL, Esler MD. Effect of sunlight and season on serotonin turnover in the brain. Lancet. 2002 Dec 7;360(9348):1840-2.

  11. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Sunshine, serotonin, and skin: a partial explanation for seasonal patterns in psychopathology? Innov Clin Neurosci. 2013 Jul;10(7-8):20-4.

  12. PG Lindqvist & H Olsson. Kvinnor som solar har bättre hälsa och lever längre. Läkartidningen. 2019,116:FTSL, Lakartidningen.se 2019-10-03

  13. Glimelius & Adami. Oväntade fynd – solljus kan skydda mot cancer. Läkartidningen 11/2005. Lakartidningen.se 2005-03-15.

  14. van der Rhee HJ, de Vries E, Coebergh JW. Regular sun exposure benefits health. Med Hypotheses. 2016 Dec;97:34-37.

  15. Hart et al. Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in the Modulation of Human Diseases. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019 Jan 24;14:55-81.

  16. Stewart et al. Possible contributions of skin pigmentation and vitamin D in a polyfactorial model of seasonal affective disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2014 Nov;83(5):517-25.

  17. Gorman S, Weller RB. Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020 Dec 23;7:616527.

  18. Alfredsson L, Armstrong BK, Butterfield DA, Chowdhury R, de Gruijl FR, Feelisch M, Garland CF, Hart PH, Hoel DG, Jacobsen R, Lindqvist PG, Llewellyn DJ, Tiemeier H, Weller RB, Young AR. Insufficient Sun Exposure Has Become a Real Public Health Problem. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 13;17(14):5014.