Nr 6, 2019: Svamp och parasiter

Ost som främjar hälsan av Pia Andrea, hälsoskribent

Candida och svampdysbios – erfarenheter från funktionsmedicinsk praktik av Peter Martin, leg. läkare, med. dr.

  1. A Homei, M. Worboys. 2013. Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850-2000: Mycoses and Modernity. E-PDF ISBN 9781137377029. DOI 10.1057/9781137377029.

  2. Erdogan A & Rao SS. Small intestinal fungal overgrowth. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2015 Apr;17(4):16. doi: 10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2.

  3. https://www.internetmedicin.se/page.aspx?id=615

  4. Roshonda B Jones et al 2018. Inter-niche and inter-individual variation in gut microbial community assessment using stool, rectal swab, and mucosal samples. Scientific Reportsvolume 8, Article number: 4139

  5. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22408-4

Bättre effekt mot malaria med extrakt av hel malört av Helene Sandström, vetenskapsjournalist

  1. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Multidrug-resistant malaria spreading in Asia: Study reveals importance of genomic surveillance for malaria control strategies. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 July 2019.

  2. Miotto O, Sekihara M, Tachibana S-I et al. Emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with kelch13 C580Y mutations on the island of New Guinea bioRxiv. 2019, Aug.

  3. Konstat-Korzenny E, Ascencio-Aragón JE, Niezen-Lugo S et al. Artemisinin and Its Synthetic Derivatives as a Possible Therapy for Cancer. Med Sci (Basel). 2018 Mar; 6(1): 19.

  4. Munyangi J1, Cornet-Vernet L2, Idumbo M3 et al. Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions vs. artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a large scale, double blind, randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2019 Apr;57:49-56.

  5. Elfawal MA, Towler MJ, Reich NG, Weathers PJ, Rich SM.Dried whole-plant Artemisia annua slows evolution of malaria drug resistance and overcomes resistance to artemisinin.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 20;112(3):821-6.

  6. WHO. Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Forms of Artemisia annua L. against malaria. Position Statement, 2012.

  7. WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of (uncomplicated) malaria. Third edition, 2015.

  8. Remington L. A serious nightmare: psychiatric and neurologic adverse reactions to mefloquine are serious adverse reactions. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017 Aug; 5(4): e00328.

  9. Crutzen B. The malaria business: Big pharma vs natural medicine. 2019-11-01.

  10. https://www.france24.com/en/20190111-reporters-plus-malaria-business-big-pharma-vs-natural-medicine-artemisia-annua-who (hämtad 2019-08-17)

  11. Munyangi J, Cornet-Vernet L, Idumbo M et al. Effect of Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions on schistosomiasis in a large clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2018 Dec;51:233-240.

  12. Rassias DJ, Weathers PJ. Dried leaf Artemisia annua efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer. Phytomedicine. 2019 Jan;52:247-253.

Uråldrig parasit påverkar den moderna människan av Linda Fång, närings- och hälsoskribent

  1. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Multidrug-resistant malaria spreading in Asia: Study reveals importance of genomic surveillance for malaria control strategies. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 July 2019.

  2. Miotto O, Sekihara M, Tachibana S-I et al. Emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum with kelch13 C580Y mutations on the island of New Guinea bioRxiv. 2019, Aug.

  3. Konstat-Korzenny E, Ascencio-Aragón JE, Niezen-Lugo S et al. Artemisinin and Its Synthetic Derivatives as a Possible Therapy for Cancer. Med Sci (Basel). 2018 Mar; 6(1): 19.

  4. Munyangi J1, Cornet-Vernet L2, Idumbo M3 et al. Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions vs. artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a large scale, double blind, randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2019 Apr;57:49-56.

  5. Elfawal MA, Towler MJ, Reich NG, Weathers PJ, Rich SM.Dried whole-plant Artemisia annua slows evolution of malaria drug resistance and overcomes resistance to artemisinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 20;112(3):821-6.

  6. WHO. Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Forms of Artemisia annua L. against malaria. Position Statement, 2012.

  7. WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of (uncomplicated) malaria. Third edition, 2015.

  8. Remington L. A serious nightmare: psychiatric and neurologic adverse reactions to mefloquine are serious adverse reactions. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017 Aug; 5(4): e00328.

  9. Crutzen B. The malaria business: Big pharma vs natural medicine. 2019-11-01. https://www.france24.com/en/20190111-reporters-plus-malaria-business-big-pharma-vs-natural-medicine-artemisia-annua-who (hämtad 2019-08-17)

  10. Munyangi J, Cornet-Vernet L, Idumbo M et al. Effect of Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions on schistosomiasis in a large clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2018 Dec;51:233-240.

  11. Rassias DJ, Weathers PJ. Dried leaf Artemisia annua efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer. Phytomedicine. 2019 Jan;52:247-253.

Kost och livsstisfaktorer som främjar eller hämmar svampöverväxt av Mikaela Bjerring, näringsterapeut och hälsoskribent

  1. Candidiasis: predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment. Mycopathologia. 2014 Jun;177(5-6):223-40. doi: 10.1007/s11046-014-9749-1. Epub 2014 May 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24789109

  2. The effects of hormonal contraceptives on glycemic regulation. Linacre Q. August, 2014; 81(3): 209–218. doi: 10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135453/

  3. Hormone contraceptives and how the body uses carbohydrates in women without diabetes. Published 30 April 2014, Authors: Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Schulz KF. https://www.cochrane.org/CD006133/FERTILREG_hormone-contraceptives-and-how-the-body-uses-carbohydrates-in-women-without-diabetes

  4. Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota Published online 2018 Sep 11. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143810/

  5. Psychosocial Stress, Cortisol Levels, and Maintenance of Vaginal Health. Published online 2018 Sep 24. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00568. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165882/

  6. Sleep and Microbes. Published online 2016 Aug 31. doi: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.003 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5441385/ 

  7. Sleep extension is a feasible lifestyle intervention in free-living adults who are habitually short sleepers: a potential strategy for decreasing intake of free sugars? A randomised controlled pilot study’ is published on Wednesday 10 January 2018 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx030 and https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqx030/4794751

  8. Disruption of the Gut Ecosystem by Antibiotics. Published online 2017 Nov 29. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.1.4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725362/

  9. Antibiotics destroy immune cells and worsen oral infection. https://thedaily.case.edu/study-antibiotics-destroy-immune-cells-worsen-oral-infection/

  10. Disruption of the Gut Ecosystem by Antibiotics. Published online 2017 Nov 29. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2018.59.1.4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5725362/

  11. Yeast infection four times as likely with penicillin use. Publish date: August 21, 2013. https://www.mdedge.com/clinicianreviews/article/77427/infectious-diseases/yeast-infection-four-times-likely-penicillin-use

  12. Effects of probiotic bacteria on Candida presence and IgA anti-Candida in the oral cavity of elderly. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(5):534-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23306230/

  13. A multispecies probiotic reduces oral Candida colonization in denture wearers. J Prosthodont. 2015 Apr;24(3):194-9. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12198. Epub 2014 Aug 20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25143068/

  14. Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Oral Candida in Frail Elderly. J Dent Res. 2015 Sep;94(9 Suppl):181S-6S. doi: 10.1177/0022034515595950. Epub 2015 Jul 22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202995/

  15. Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis. Biofouling. 2018 Feb;34(2):212-225. doi 10.1080/08927014.2018.1425402. Epub 2018 Jan 30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29380647

  16. Purification and partial characterization of novel bacteriocin L23 produced by Lactobacillus fermentum L23. Curr Microbiol. 2008 Apr;56(4):397-402. doi: 10.1007/s00284-007-9094-4. Epub 2008 Jan 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172715/

  17. Anti-Candida activity of two-peptide bacteriocins, plantaricins (Pln E/F and J/K) and their mode of action. Fungal Biol. 2014 Feb;118(2):264-75. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.12.006. Epub 2014 Jan 9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24528647/

  18. Characterization of pentocin TV35b, a bacteriocin-like peptide isolated from Lactobacillus pentosus with a fungistatic effect on Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol. 1999 Nov;87(5):726-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10594714/

  19. Production and isolation of reuterin, a growth inhibitor produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Dec;32(12):1854-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3245697/

  20. Probiotics Prevent Candida Colonization and Invasive Fungal Sepsis in Preterm Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pediatr Neonatol. 2017 Apr;58(2):103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.06.001. Epub 2016 Sep 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27793494

  21. Comparing the Recurrence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Patients Undergoing Prophylactic Treatment with Probiotic and Placebo During the 6 Months. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2016 Sep;8(3):130-3. doi: 10.1007/s12602-016-9218-x.

  22. Antifungal activities of origanum oil against Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Dec;228(1-2):111-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11855736

  23. Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Terpenoid Phenols Resembles Calcium Stress and Inhibition of the TOR Pathway. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Dec; 54(12): 5062–5069. Published online 2010 Oct 4. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01050-10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981246/#r4

  24. Sensitivity of Candida albicans to essential oils: are they an alternative to antifungal agents? J Appl Microbiol. 2016 Dec;121(6):1530-1545. doi: 10.1111/jam.13282. Epub 2016 Oct 24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568869

  25. Caprylic acid in the effective treatment of intractable medical problems of frequent urination, incontinence, chronic upper respiratory infection, root canalled tooth infection, ALS, etc., caused by asbestos & mixed infections of Candida albicans, Helicobacter pylori & cytomegalovirus with or without other microorganisms & mercury. Acupunct Electrother Res. 2011;36(1-2):19-64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830350

  26. The Dietary Food Components Capric Acid and Caprylic Acid Inhibit Virulence Factors in Candida albicans Through Multitargeting. J Med Food. 2017 Nov;20(11):1083-1090. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3971. Epub 2017 Sep 18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28922057

  27. Hexosomes with Undecylenic Acid Efficient against Candida albicans. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2018 Feb; 8(2): 91. Published online 2018 Feb 7. doi: 10.3390/nano8020091. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853723/

  28. Page 68Alternative Medicine ReviewVolume 7, Number 12002Undecylenic Acid. MonographCopyright©2002 Thorne Research, Inc. http://altmedrev.com/archive/publications/7/1/68.pdf

  29. Sugar Sensing and Signaling in Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol. 2019 Jan 30;10:99. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00099. eCollection 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30761119

  30. Svamp utnyttjar syrebrist för att sprida sig i kroppen. Artikel från Umeå universitet, 23 januari, 2019. https://www.forskning.se/2019/01/23/svamp-utnyttjar-syrebrist-for-att-sprida-sig-i-kroppen/

  31. Production of pyruvate by Candida albicans: proposed role in virulence. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000 Sep 1;190(1):35-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10981686

  32. Evaluation of the relationship between fungal infection, neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages in cervicovaginal smears: Light microscopic examination. J Cytol. 2015 Apr-Jun; 32(2): 79–84. doi: 10.4103/0970-9371.160544. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4520052/

  33. Effect of prolonged modified fasting in obese persons on in vitro markers of immunity: lymphocyte function and serum effects on normal neutrophils. Am J Med Sci. 1990 Jun;299(6):379-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2356851

  34. Glucose Directly Promotes Antifungal Resistance in the Fungal Pathogen, Candida spp.An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is sbox.jpg. J Biol Chem. 2014 Sep 12; 289(37): 25468–25473. Published online 2014 Jul 22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C114.571778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4162151/

  35. Candida sp. Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med. 2019 Jan; 8(1): 76. Published online 2019 Jan 10. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010076. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6352194/

Missing microbes – en orsak till autoimmuna sjukdomar? Nina Törmark, journalist

Svamp som orsak till vanliga välfärdssjukdomar av Annie Pettersson, fil.mag. (biologi) från Uppsala universitet och fil.dr. (medicin) från Karolinska Institutet

  1. Floreani A, Leung PS, Gershwin ME. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016 Jun;50(3):287-300. Environmental Basis of Autoimmunity.

  2. Garth L. Nicolson and Jörg Haier. BJMP 2010a;3(1):301. Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioural, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 1

  3. Garth L. Nicolson and Jörg Haier. BJMP 2010b;3(1):301. Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioural, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 2

  4. Lei Yan, Chunhui Yang, Jianguo Tang. Microbiological Research. Volume 168, Issue 7, 25 August 2013, Pages 389-395. Review Article. Disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier in Candida albicans infections

  5. Tsavkelova E.A., Botvinko I.V., Kudrin V.S., Oleskin A.V. Detection of neurotransmitter amines in microorganisms with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Dokl. Biochem. Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR Biochem. Sect. 2000;372:115–117.

  6. Cryan J. F., Dinan T. G. (2012). Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13 701–712. 10.1038/nrn3346

  7. Voropaeva E.A. Resistance to antibiotics and histamine production at the bacteria, isolated from the stomatopharynx of the children with bronchial asthma. Antibiot. Khimioterapiia Antibiot. Chemoterapy Sic. 2002;47:8–13.

  8. Parady B. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2018; 2(1): 139–152. Published online 2018 Aug 1. Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

  9. Claudia Jiménez-López and Michael C. Lorenz. PLoS Pathog. 2013 Nov; 9(11): e1003741. Fungal Immune Evasion in a Model Host–Pathogen Interaction: Candida albicans Versus Macrophages

  10. Alessandra da Silva Dantas, Kathy K Lee, Ingrida Raziunaite, Katja Schaefer, Jeanette Wagener, Bhawna Yadav, Neil ARGow. Current Opinion in Microbiology. Volume 34, December 2016, Pages 111-118. Cell biology of Candida albicans–host interactions

  11. Citiulo F, Jacobsen ID, Miramón P, Schild L, Brunke S, Zipfel P, Brock M, Hube B, Wilson D. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(6):e1002777. Candida albicans scavenges host zinc via Pra1 during endothelial invasion.

  12. Ranjan A, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. J Fungi (Basel). 2018 Sep 18;4(3). pii: E112. Tipping the Balance: C. albicans Adaptation in Polymicrobial Environments.

  13. Giorgia Renga, Silvia Moretti, Vasilis Oikonomou, Monica Borghi, Teresa Zelante, Giuseppe Paolicelli, Claudio Costantini, Marco De Zuani, Valeria Rachela Villella, Valeria Raia, Rachele Del Sordo, Andrea Bartoli, Monia Baldoni, Jean-Christophe Renauld, Angelo Sidoni, Enrico Garaci, Luigi Maiuri, Carlo Pucillo, and Luigina Romani. Cell Rep. 2018 May 8; 23(6): 1767–1778. IL-9 and Mast Cells Are Key Players of Candida albicans Commensalism and Pathogenesis in the Gut

  14. Matthew L. Wheeler, Jose J. Limon, Agnieszka S. Bar, Christian A. Leal, Matthew Gargus, Jie Tang, Jordan Brown, Vincent A. Funari, Hanlin L. Wang, Timothy Crother, Moshe Arditi, David M. Underhill and Iliyan D. Iliev. Cell Host Microbe. Cell Host Microbe. 2016 Jun 8; 19(6): 865–873. Immunological Consequences of Intestinal Fungal Dysbiosis

  15. Sokol H., Leducq V., Aschard H., Pham H.-P., Jegou S., Landman C., Cohen D., Liguori G., Bourrier A., Nion-Larmurier I., et al. Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD. Gut. 2017;66:1039–1048.

  16. Hager CL, Ghannoum MA. Dig Liver Dis. 2017 Nov;49(11):1171-1176. The mycobiome: Role in health and disease, and as a potential probiotic target in gastrointestinal disease.

  17. Liguori G, Lamas B, Richard ML, Brandi G, da Costa G, Hoffmann TW, Di Simone MP, Calabrese C, Poggioli G, Langella P, Campieri M, Sokol H. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Mar;10(3):296-305. Fungal Dysbiosis in Mucosa-associated Microbiota of Crohn’s Disease Patients.

  18. Miyoshi J, Sofia MA, Pierre JF. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2018 Dec;11(6):449-456. The evidence for fungus in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis.

  19. Wcislo-Zwolinska, Malgorzata, et al. Gastroenterology, vol. 134, no. 4, 2008. W1783 Effect of Combined Antifungeal and Probiotic Therapy On Candida Colonization of Human Ulcerative Colitis and the Healing of Colonic Injury in Experimental Animal Model of Colitis Ulcerosa.

  20. Zwolinska-Wcislo M, Brzozowski T, Budak A, Kwiecien S, Sliwowski Z, Drozdowicz D, Trojanowska D, Rudnicka-Sosin L, Mach T, Konturek SJ, Pawlik WW. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Mar;60(1):107-18. Effect of Candida colonization on human ulcerative colitis and the healing of inflammatory changes of the colon in the experimental model of colitis ulcerosa.

  21. Botschuijver S, Roeselers G, Levin E, Jonkers DM, Welting O, Heinsbroek SEM, de Weerd HH, Boekhout T, Fornai M, Masclee AA, Schuren FHJ, de Jonge WJ, Seppen J, van den Wijngaard RM. Gastroenterology. 2017 Oct;153(4):1026-1039. Intestinal Fungal Dysbiosis Is Associated With Visceral Hypersensitivity in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Rats.

  22. Böhringer M, Pohlers S, Schulze S, Albrecht-Eckardt D, Piegsa J, Weber M, Martin R, Hünniger K, Linde J, Guthke R, Kurzai O. Cell Microbiol. 2016 Jul;18(7):889-904. Candida albicans infection leads to barrier breakdown and a MAPK/NF-κB mediated stress response in the intestinal epithelial cell line C2BBe1.

  23. Raphaël Enaud, Louise-Eva Vandenborght, Noémie Coron, Thomas Bazin, Renaud Prevel, Thierry Schaeverbeke, Patrick Berger, Michael Fayon, Thierry Lamireau, and Laurence Delhaes. Microorganisms. 2018 Mar; 6(1): 22. The Mycobiome: A Neglected Component in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

  24. Alonso R, Pisa D, Fernández-Fernández AM, Rábano A, Carrasco L. Neurobiol Dis. 2017 Dec;108:249-260. Fungal infection in neural tissue of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

  25. Francesco Strati, Duccio Cavalieri, Davide Albanese, Claudio De Felice, Claudio Donati, Joussef Hayek, Olivier Jousson, Silvia Leoncini, Daniela Renzi, Antonio Calabrò, and Carlotta De Filippo. Microbiome. 2017; 5: 24. New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders

  26. Severance EG, Yolken RH. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2019 Mar 8. From Infection to the Microbiome: An Evolving Role of Microbes in Schizophrenia.

  27. Alonso R, Fernández-Fernández AM, Pisa D, Carrasco L. Neurobiol Dis. 2018 Sep;117:42-61. Multiple sclerosis and mixed microbial infections. Direct identification of fungi and bacteria in nervous tissue.

  28. Epp LM, Mravec B. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2006;107(6-7):227-30. Chronic polysystemic candidiasis as a possible contributor to onset of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.

  29. Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR, Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth LA, Savage CLG, Adamos MB, Sweeney KM, Origoni AE, Khushalani S, Dickerson FB, Yolken RH. Brain Behav Immun. 2017 May;62:41-45. Probiotic normalization of Candida albicans in schizophrenia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study.

  30. Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Rhea EM, Salameh TS, Banks WA. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2018 Jan;243(2):159-165. Gut reactions: How the blood-brain barrier connects the microbiome and the brain.

  31. Wu Y, Du S, Johnson JL, Tung HY, Landers CT, Liu Y, Seman BG, Wheeler RT Costa-Mattioli M Kheradmand F, Zheng H, Corry DB. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 4;10(1):58. Microglia and amyloid precursor protein coordinate control of transient Candida cerebritis with memory deficits.

  32. Jong, A. Y., Stins, M. F., Huang, S.-H., Chen, S. H. & Kim, K. S. Infect. Immun. 69, 4536–4544 (2001). Traversal of Candida albicans across human blood-brain barrier in vitro.

  33. Robert D.Moir, Richard Lathe, Rudolph E. Tanzia. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. Volume 14, Issue 12, December 2018, Pages 1602-1614. The antimicrobial protection hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease

  34. Spitzer P, Mateja Condic, Martin Herrmann, Timo Jan Oberstein, Marina Scharin-Mehlmann, Daniel F. Gilbert, Oliver Friedrich, Teja Grömer, Johannes Kornhuber, Roland Lang, and Juan Manuel Maler. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 32228. Amyloidogenic amyloid-β-peptide variants induce microbial agglutination and exert antimicrobial activity

  35. Alonso R, Pisa D, Aguado B, Carrasco L.J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(1):55-67. Identification of Fungal Species in Brain Tissue from Alzheimer’s Disease by Next-Generation Sequencing.